What is prostate cancer?

Prostate cancer is a commonly occurring cancer that specifically affects the prostate gland in males. Positioned below the bladder and in front of the rectum, the prostate gland resembles a walnut in size and shape. The primary role of the prostate gland is to generate seminal fluid, which nourishes and assists in the motility of sperm. The development of prostate cancer arises from the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells within the prostate gland, leading to the formation of a tumour.

What are the symptoms of prostate cancer?

The indications of prostate cancer can differ depending on the stage and advancement of the condition. During its initial stages, prostate cancer often does not present noticeable symptoms. However, as cancer advances, symptoms may manifest, including challenges with urination, frequent urination (particularly at night), a weakened or interrupted urine flow, the presence of blood in the urine or semen, discomfort or pain in the pelvic area, and erectile dysfunction. It's important to emphasise that these symptoms can also be attributed to noncancerous conditions, highlighting the significance of a thorough evaluation to ascertain the root cause.

While the precise cause of prostate cancer remains uncertain, certain risk factors have been identified. Age plays a vital role in the risk of developing prostate cancer, especially after the age of 50. Additionally, family history and genetics are contributing factors, with men who have a first-degree relative, like a father or brother, who has a history of prostate cancer at a heightened risk of developing the disease.

Treatment for prostate cancer

Treatment choice for prostate cancer is influenced by several factors, including the stage and aggressiveness of the cancer, the patient's overall health, and individual preferences. Active surveillance, also known as watchful waiting, may be recommended for slow-growing and early-stage prostate cancer, where the cancer is closely monitored without immediate treatment. If treatment is necessary, options may include surgery, radiation therapy, hormone therapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, or targeted therapy. Treatment choice will be based on individual circumstances and may involve a combination of approaches.

Surgical intervention entails the extraction of the prostate gland (prostatectomy) and adjacent tissues. Radiation therapy employs high-energy X-rays or alternative radiation sources to eradicate cancer cells or reduce tumour size. Hormone therapy strives to lower male hormone levels, such as testosterone, in order to decelerate the growth of prostate cancer cells. Chemotherapy employs medications to eliminate cancer cells, while immunotherapy and targeted therapy boost the body's immune response against cancer cells or specifically target molecules implicated in cancer growth.