What are ureteric stones?

Ureteric stones, also known as ureteral stones or kidney stones, are solid formations made of minerals that develop in the kidneys and can travel down the ureter, the tube connecting the kidneys to the bladder. These stones come in different sizes, ranging from small particles similar to sand to larger stones resembling gravel. Ureteric stones can be a source of significant discomfort and can cause various symptoms and complications if left untreated.

What are ureteric stones?

Ureteric stones are formed when substances like calcium, oxalate, and uric acid crystallise and accumulate in the kidneys. These substances may come from the diet or be produced by the body. Factors such as dehydration, urinary tract infections, certain medications, and genetic predisposition can contribute to the formation of ureteric stones. These stones can block the normal flow of urine and cause pain and other symptoms.

What are the symptoms of ureteric stones?

The manifestations of ureteric stones may vary depending on factors like the stone's size and position. Typical symptoms encompass:

• Severe pain: Ureteric stones can lead to severe pain that usually originates in the back or side and radiates to the lower abdomen and groin. This pain is often described as sharp, colicky, and fluctuating in intensity.
• Haematuria: Blood in the urine, known as haematuria, can occur due to irritation and damage to the urinary tract caused by the stone. Haematuria can range from microscopic blood in the urine to visible red or pink discolouration.
• Urinary symptoms: Ureteric stones can cause urinary urgency, frequency, and discomfort during urination. Some individuals may experience a burning sensation while passing urine.
• Nausea and vomiting: In cases where the ureteric stone causes significant pain and discomfort, nausea and vomiting can occur as a response to the intense pain.

How are ureteric stones treated?

The treatment of ureteric stones depends on several factors, including the size, location, and symptoms associated with the stone. Treatment options may include:

• Pain management: To alleviate the pain caused by ureteric stones, healthcare providers may prescribe medications such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) or opioids. Increasing fluid intake and applying heat to the affected area can also provide relief.
• Observation: Small ureteric stones that do not cause severe symptoms may be monitored for spontaneous passage. Drinking plenty of fluids and taking pain medications as needed can aid in the passage of small stones.
• Medical interventions: In certain situations, medical interventions may be necessary to assist in the removal of ureteric stones. These interventions can include extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy (ESWL), a procedure that employs sound waves to fragment stones into smaller pieces, or ureteroscopy, a minimally invasive procedure that employs a thin tube to extract or break up stones.
• Surgical intervention: Larger stones or stones that do not respond to other treatments may require surgical intervention. Procedures such as percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) or ureterolithotomy may be performed to remove the stones.

Implementing preventive measures can significantly decrease the likelihood of developing ureteric stones. These measures include staying adequately hydrated, following a well-balanced diet low in foods high in oxalate content, and effectively managing any underlying medical conditions.