What is hypospadias?

Hypospadias is a congenital condition that affects the male reproductive system. Hypospadias is characterised by the atypical positioning of the urethral opening on the side of the penis instead of its usual location at the tip. This condition arises during the foetal developmental stage when the urethra, responsible for transporting urine from the bladder, does not fully close.

What are the symptoms of hypospadias?

Symptoms of hypospadias can vary depending on the severity of the condition. The most common symptom is the misplacement of the urethral opening. In mild instances, the opening may be positioned near the tip of the penis, whereas in more severe cases, it may be situated closer to the scrotum or even at the base of the penis. Additionally, the foreskin may appear hooded or incomplete, and the penis may curve downward during an erection. In some cases, there may also be a chordee, a condition where the penis bends downward due to an abnormality in the tissue.

What causes hypospadias?

The precise aetiology of hypospadias remains incompletely understood. However, it may arise from a combination of genetic and environmental influences. It is frequently observed in males with a familial history of the condition, implying a genetic predisposition. Exposure to certain hormonal imbalances or medications during pregnancy may also increase the risk. Additionally, maternal age, maternal smoking during pregnancy, and certain agricultural or industrial chemicals have been associated with an increased risk of developing hypospadias.

How is hypospadias treated?

The treatment approach for hypospadias often involves surgical intervention aimed at correcting the abnormal positioning of the urethral opening and improving the functionality and appearance of the penis. The appropriate timing for the surgical procedure is determined by several factors, like the extent of the condition and the overall health and development of the child. In certain instances, the surgery may be conducted during infancy, while in other cases, it may be postponed until the child reaches a more advanced age.

During the surgery, the surgeon will create a new urethral opening at the tip of the penis and reconstruct the surrounding tissues to achieve a more natural appearance. If a chordee is present, it may also be corrected during the procedure. In certain instances, further surgical procedures may be required as the child develops to address any remaining curvature or address aesthetic considerations.

After the surgical procedure, a temporary catheter may be inserted to facilitate urine drainage. The duration of recovery is different based on the complexity of the surgery but generally involves maintaining the cleanliness of the surgical site and refraining from vigorous activities. Regular follow-up appointments with the healthcare provider are crucial to oversee the healing process and ensure appropriate urinary function.